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After decades spent designing smarter airbags, antilock brakes, and collision-avoidance systems, Detroit has set its sights behind the wheel. Now the cutting edge of car safety is the driver.
Notion 3 Keygen. Brace yourself. Engineers have worked for a century to keep cars safe. They've created taillights and padded dashboards; developed multi-airbag interiors and whiplash-proof headrests; simplified gear shifting and invented antilock brakes. By the late '90s, hundreds of millions of dollars of R&D brought them to the ultimate safety solution: crash-warning systems. Detroit had found a way for cars to tell us when danger was imminent. To those who developed the new technology, the idea was a no-brainer - radar-based systems that recognize threatening situations and notify drivers in time for them to avoid trouble. Yet, where safety engineers saw obvious benefits to the collision-warning devices, a new set of researchers saw problems.
Cognitive scientists, whose opinions were traditionally neglected in questions of auto safety, suddenly found a leading role in Detroit. At issue: Would the new anticrash gadgets freak out more people than they'd help? The safety gurus found themselves deluged with questions from the brain guys. When would the alarms blare? What would they sound like? Daqmaster Software. How would drivers react?
'We wondered, could this only complicate things?' Says Raymond Kiefer, a veteran General Motors human-factors/safety engineer. 'Are drivers going to know what to do?'
Then word came down to Kiefer from the GM brass: Find out. In the winter of 1995, a team of researchers from General Motors and Ford embarked on an unusual joint project.
As the engineers developed collision-warning systems, scientists with the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership began exploring how people would react to the bleating alarms and flashing warnings triggered by the new systems. Crack Pocket Tanks Deluxe Cheats more. Kiefer's team devised a seminal driving study. Because collision warning makes the leap from a passive to an active safety system - the alert must be followed by driver action - the CAMP staff couldn't recruit human crash-test dummies. 'A potential accident wasn't something we could simulate,' says Kiefer.
'The simulator can't deliver the feeling that you're about to hit something with mass.' But a near miss can fool test subjects into thinking they'll hit something with mass. So Kiefer engineered a 'safe' crash. First, his team built a rubber model of the back of a Mercury Sable, complete with working brake lights. Then they attached the faux back end of the Sable to the rear of a lead car by a 40-foot pole that acted as a shock absorber. A third vehicle - with a driver and a test administrator inside - followed the Sable as if it were just another car on the road.
In a video from the study, a woman is driving behind the Sable on a GM test track when an administrator in the backseat tells her to look for a nonexistent light on the dashboard. As her eyes wander downward, the administrator brakes the lead car - and the Sable slows with it. The test driver's vehicle quickly closes in, urgent chirps sound, and a green icon of two cars nearly colliding flashes on the console.
When the woman looks up her face conveys true fear: I'm going to crash. Kiefer's team found that drivers prefer alarm clock-style warnings to bellowing recorded voices, and that even a last-second alert gives people enough time to hit the brakes. Still, the scientists called for more research: Should the device expect drivers to behave differently on slippery roads?
What happens if two collision-warning alarms - one for forward collisions, another for rear-enders - sound together? Could the new technology encourage recklessness? Those questions and others explain why the systems remain at least two years from production. 'It's not the technological components that need so much attention,' says Jim Sayer, a human-factors scientist at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. 'It's the human element that we're grappling with.'