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We report a miniature, visible to near infrared G-Fresnel spectrometer that contains a complete spectrograph system, including the detection hardware and connects with a smartphone through a microUSB port for operational control. The Art Of Dying Peter Fenwick Pdf Writer there. The smartphone spectrometer is able to achieve a resolution of ~5 nm in a wavelength range from 400 nm to 1000 nm. We further developed a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system using the smartphone spectrometer and demonstrated the capability of hemoglobin measurement. Proof of concept studies of tissue phantoms yielded a mean error of 9.2% on hemoglobin concentration measurement, comparable to that obtained with a commercial benchtop spectrometer. The smartphone G-Fresnel spectrometer and the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy system can potentially enable new point-of-care opportunities, such as cancer screening. Hemoglobin is an important biomarker for diagnosing a variety of clinical conditions,,,,.

For instance, angiogenesis and hypoxia are two salient features of tumor growth. Balance Game Free Download For Windows 7. Thus, non-invasive measurement of both oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin in tissue, from which the total hemoglobin concentration and its oxygenation state can be determined, is a promising approach for early detection and screening of breast cancer,,, oral cancer,,,, cervical cancer,,, and many other malignancies. Therefore, there is an important need for developing a portable and cost-efficient tool to perform non-invasive measurement of hemoglobin at local tissues for point of care (POC) applications. Note that current gold standard for diagnosing these conditions is biopsy, which is invasive, costly, and not easily accessible in resource scarce communities and developing regions. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is a well-established method to measure hemoglobin in tissue.,,,,,, Unlike specular reflection, in DRS light penetrates deep into a tissue and re-emerges to the surface only after undergoing interactions with the tissue, such as absorption by chromophores and multiple scatterings by cellular and intercellular structures.

As such, the diffuse reflectance spectrum contains important information of chromophore concentrations and tissue scattering properties. In the visible wavelength, the most significant absorbers in human tissue are oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin. Due to its non-invasive nature, DRS can avoid blood drawing and consumables, and thus lends itself to significant cost reduction during usage. Yet, conventional implementation of DRS typically involves the use of bulky and costly optical spectrometers, which remain a significant hindrance for gaining wider accessibility, especially in resource-limited areas. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in developing portable, low-cost optical spectroscopic devices and integrating them with mobile phones to leverage the ease of accessing and processing data using mobile computing technology. Ares Free Serials Online. ,,,,, For instance, several smartphone based spectrometers were demonstrated with wavelength resolutions ranging from 2 to 15 nm.

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